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Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water^[b] is a survival horrorvideo game developed by Koei Tecmo and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. The fifth main entry in the Fatal Frame series, it was released in Japan in September 2014 and worldwide in October 2015. As with previous games in the series, players navigate areas filled with hostile ghosts which must be fought by taking photographs using the Camera Obscura, which is directly controlled using the Wii U Gamepad. A post-endgame story featuring Ayane, a character from the company's Dead or Alive series, is also available featuring altered gameplay mechanics. The story, which is set on the fictional Hikami Mountain, focuses on three protagonists who are drawn into supernatural events revolving the area, including an ancient ritual to seal away the Black Water, a malevolent force corrupting the surrounding spirits that is tied to the fate of the titular shrine maiden Ouse Kurosawa.

Planning for the game began in 2011, during production of the Wii remake of Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly. Series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi proposed the project when he saw that the Wii U GamePad could be used as the Camera Obscura. Kikuchi and fellow co-creator Makoto Shibata returned to their respective posts of producer and director, together with staff from Mask of the Lunar Eclipse and developers new to the series. The cast went through several revisions during development, while the staff experimented with the capacities of the new hardware. Japanese singer Tsuki Amano returned from earlier entries to perform the theme song. Upon release, the game received mixed reviews. Reviewers greatly praised its use of the gamepad and dark atmosphere, while opinions were mixed on its story, portrayal of its female characters, and other aspects such as its pacing and controls.

Gameplay[edit]

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Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water puts the player in control of three different characters traversing a number of environments across Hikami Mountain from a third-person perspective, including ruined buildings and dark forests. Characters navigate environments using an interactive map, and can either walk or perform a sprint. During exploration, the characters are confronted by hostile ghosts that attack and damage them through touch. If a ghost grabs the character, they can either dodge or break free from their grip.^[6][7][8]

The only means of defense and attack for the characters is the Camera Obscura, an antique camera that is used from a first-person perspective. The camera is controlled using the Wii U Gamepad, with shots of varying proximity and angles affecting how much damage the ghost takes. The most damaging is a 'fatal frame', which hits a ghost's weak spot. During combat, after a shot is taken, fragments of a ghost will appear around them.^[6][7]

Aside from the Camera Obscura, other factors are present in play. The characters can glimpse pieces of a ghost's past upon defeating them or when they launch a special attack. Characters can also concentrate on items in the environment related to missing people, generating a shade that leads them to the person's location. A wetness meter tracks how damp the character gets when navigating environments. The amount of wetness has positive and negative effects on the character: being wet increases the damage done by the Camera Obscura while increasing the number of ghosts present in an area and attacks causing more damage. In addition, characters can be inflicted with a status ailment from dark-colored ghosts or from a special attack: this ailment decreases vision and defense, and deteriorating health. The ailment is only lifted by defeating all the enemies in the area or using an item to remove all wetness.^[9][10]

In addition to the three main characters' story arcs, a special episode features Dead or Alive protagonist Ayane. Unlike the other characters, she does not have access to a Camera Obscura, so she must avoid ghosts. If she begins running or gets close to a ghost, they will attack. Ayane can use a special 'script of hiding' to make herself temporarily invisible, and when she is caught, she can use a special item to throw back and stun them so she can escape.^[9][11]

Synopsis[edit]

Maiden of Black Water takes place on the fictional Hikami Mountain, a place infamous for suicides and spiritual happenings connected with local bodies of water. In the past, resident shrine maidens would use their mind-reading abilities to help guide people to a peaceful death. In time, they would grow too emotional to perform their abilities, and they would be sacrificed as an Eternal Flower to keep a malevolent otherworldly power called the Black Water at bay. The story follows three different protagonists: Yuri Kozukata, who has the ability to bring people back from the shadow world into the real world due to her descent from the Hikami shrine maidens; Ren Hojo, an author and friend of Yuri who goes to the mountain to research his new book; and Miu Hinasaki, the daughter of recurring Fatal Frame protagonist Miku Hinasaki.

Among the ghosts they encounter are Shiragiku, a young shrine maiden whose sacrifice has preserved her as a wandering spirit; and Kyozo Kururugi, a man who initially went to die on the mountain but developed an insane fear of the shrine maidens due to their mind-reading powers, killing many maidens and priests before committing suicide and becoming a hostile ghost. Many of those Kururugi slew became ghosts in their own right. The central story revolves around Ouse Kurosawa, whose near-death experience had left her with powerful sixth sense abilities. Because of this, she became a shrine maiden and is chosen as an Eternal Flower. Prior to the ritual, her photograph was taken by Kunihiko Asou, creator of the Camera Obscura. They fell in love, and when the time came for the ritual, Ouse's feelings for Kunihiko and the pain of the shrine maidens murdered by Kururugi caused the ritual to fail. The Black Water was unleashed and Ouse became a hostile spirit that corrupted the mountain and its ghosts.

Miu, who initially goes there to help Yuri, sees a vision of her mother on the mountain. Later venturing there on her own, she learns that her father was Miku's dead brother Mafuyu. Miku goes to see her brother one last time, and is either saved from the mountain's power by Miu or goes into the afterlife to be with Mafuyu. Ren, while helping Yuri and Miu, regularly crosses paths with Shiragiku and learns that recurring dreams he has been having are the inherited memories of his ancestor Asou. Depending on his actions, he either unites or breaks up with Ouse as Asou's present-day avatar, or puts Shiragiku to rest and returns to the living world. Yuri's search through the mountain leads to her encountering many of the powerful ghosts and using her Camera Obscura to lay them to rest. Learning of Ouse's history, she heads to a final confrontation with her. Depending on where she sees Ouse, two endings play out. In the 'Bad' ending, Yuri commits suicide with Ouse and the curse goes on claiming more victims. In the 'Good' ending, Yuri frees Ouse from her duty, allowing her and the other spirits to pass on, while Yuri returns to the world of the living with Hisoka by her side. If the player allowed Yuri alive, a post-credit scene is appear: Rui wakes up in front of Ren, who tells her he will never leave her again.

Development[edit]

The initial inspiration for the game came to series co-creator and producer Keisuke Kikuchi after the Wii U's introduction to the industry: similar to his reaction to the Wii for Mask of the Lunar Eclipse, Kikuchi saw multiple gameplay possibilities in the Wii U's gamepad, especially the gamepad becoming the game's Camera Obscura. He was the first to propose the concept to Nintendo, with it becoming a joint production between Koei Tecmo and Nintendo SPD as with Mask of the Lunar Eclipse. The staff included Kikuchi, series co-creator and director Makoto Shibata; and Toshiharu Izuno and Tohru Osawa from Nintendo, who had previously worked on Mask of the Lunar Eclipse.^{[1]:163–166[12]} Planning began in 2011, during development of the Wii remake of Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly.^{[1]:170–171} The key themes are water and the fear of being wet, with the game's key color being black.^{[1]:163–166[12][13]} These themes were inspired by Shibata's memories of visiting Los Angeles in 2008; compared to the damp summer atmosphere and accompanying supernatural feeling he experienced in Japan, he felt he could not find any ghosts in the local dry American summer. This experience emphasized his view of dampness as an important part of ghost encounters. As with previous games, he made it thinking that it might be the final entry in the series.^{[1]:170–171[14]}Maiden of Black Water features a theme song performed by Tsuki Amano, 'In This Cage'; Amano had contributed theme songs to the series since Crimson Butterfly. In addition, it features a second theme song by Japanese singer AuJu titled 'Higanbana'. This too tied in with the wish to create something new for the series, along with showing its status as a high-end game with the inclusion of two theme songs.^[13]

The team used traditional Japanese horror as an aesthetic starting point as with earlier Fatal Frame titles, with the main purpose being to make it as frightening for players as possible. In aid of this, the flashback videos and core concept of rescuing people from supernatural hot spots was brought in, although several proposed elements related to this ended up being cut. The main cast went through revisions, although a male character was decided upon early on. Yuri was created relatively quickly, but the team had trouble deciding who the third character would be. An initial idea of having Miku Hinasaki as a playable character was dropped as her story arc had been resolved in earlier games. Instead, the character of Miu was created, with Kikuchi initially thinking her name was a typing error with Miku's name before reading the full story draft. Ren was initially going to record events on the mountain to offer a different perspective. The relationship between Ren and his assistant Rui Kagamiya was modeled after that between the character Kogoro Akechi and his live-in assistant Yoshio Kobayashi. The female characters' clothing was designed to make them look 'sexy' when it got wet.^{[1]:163–166[12]} The story and characters combined elements from four previous proposals for games in the series. Maiden of Black Water features the largest number of storylines up to that point, but due to the amount of narrative he wanted to include, Shibata ended up neglecting other elements such as Mount Hikami's history of suicides. The mountain setting was also taken from one of these scrapped storylines.^{[1]:170–171} Mount Hikami was originally suggested by Nintendo, based around multiple real locations in Japan, particularly Mount Osore and the Tōjinbō sea cliffs.^[14]

As it was the first game on a new console, the development team was largely made up of people new to the series, including designers Akira Ohtani and Yuki Sakamoto.^[1] While the use of the Wii U gamepad became central to gameplay, several other elements were considered by the developers but did not make it into the final game. These included combat, puzzle and navigation mechanics involving the analogue sticks to promote higher immersion; and using the gamepad's microphone to blow on objects within the game environment.^[14] Alongside making a game for dedicated series players, they also added adjustments for new players, partly due to the multimedia developments that were underway. Among these changes were adding helpful gameplay features and creating more conversation cutscenes to make the story easier to understand. The pace of gameplay was also made similar to an action game as opposed to previous entries.^{[1]:163–166[12][14]} A mechanic being tested in the game was the necessity to keep dry, initially inspired by the sweating mechanic from Dead or Alive 5. While this was toned down, dampness being tied to the character's well-being remained in the game as both a story and gameplay concept. This aspect was suggested by Ohtani.^{[1]:163–166}

The capacities of the Wii U meant that more experimentation with graphics could be done. During the making of the game, the team watched a lot of scary online videos, along with studying lighting and the appearance of being wet.^[12] In addition, the flashback cutscenes were made to look grainy and low-quality compared to the present-day cutscenes. While they had initially been visually similar to rest of the game, part of the series' appeal was the fear evoked by unseen objects, so they added distortions.^[12][13] The graphics engine used technology from Dead or Alive 5, with one of the main points of aesthetic similarity was the sexy look of the female characters. To achieve this look, Kikuchi's team collaborated closely with the Dead or Alive development team. The inclusion of Ayane in the game was suggested by Izuno after Ayane's image was used in the initial proposal for Maiden of Black Water. Seeing as her dark character seemed suited to the series, he asked for her inclusion. Team Ninja co-founder Yosuke Hayashi was also keen to see her included. The main idea was that included a popular character from another Koei Tecmo franchise might help broaden the series' fanbase. In bringing her into the game, they attempted to preserve as much of her sex appeal as possible, such as how much her breasts would jiggle. During this process, they frequently received advice from Team Ninja.^{[1]:163–166[12]} The shift onto more powerful hardware also enabled the team to incorporate more graphic scenes, which contributed to it receiving a higher CERO rating than previous titles.^[13]

Release[edit]

The game was first announced in April 2014, alongside multiple media expansions to the franchise, including a Japanese live-action movie and an original novel and comic.^[15] Its title and release date were revealed during a special Niconico livestream in July.^[3] The digital version's large size required the purchasing of an additional external drive for those who did not own a Deluxe Wii U.^[16] It was initially stated by Koei Tecmo's European branch that the game would not be released outside Japan.^[17] Its release in Western territories was initially hinted at by Tomonobu Itagaki, who stated through his Facebook account that Kikuchi would release the game in North America.^[18]

During a Nintendo Direct presentation on April 1, 2015, a Western release for the game was confirmed in both Europe and North America, with now the titles: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water for North America and Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water for Europe. Maiden of Black Water was released in Europe on October 30, 2015, and in North America on October 22, 2015.^[2][4] In Australia, the game released a day after the European version on October 31.^[5] The localization was suggested to have been due to fan requests.^[19]

In Europe and Australia, the game was exclusively available as a Limited Edition version at retail, as well as a digital version on the Nintendo eShop. While the retail version contained the complete game, the digital version was offered in a free-to-start manner, in which players could experience the game's prologue and first two chapters for free, after which they are given the choice whether or not to pay for unlocking the remaining ones.^[5][20] In North America, only the digital version was available on the Nintendo eShop, omitting a retail release.^[21] This announcement triggered a fan campaign spearheaded by Operation Rainfall to request a physical release for North America.^[19] The Western release included Nintendo-themed costumes based on popular characters Princess Zelda and Samus Aran. These costumes replaced lingerie and swimsuit outfits featured in the Japanese release.^[22]

Reception[edit]

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During its opening week, the game debuted at #7 in Media Create's sales charts, with opening sales of 27,505 units.^[32] The following week, it dropped to #11, selling a further 7,105 units and, at that point, bringing total sales to that point to 34,610.^[33] Its total sales in 2014 reached 46,099 units, putting it at #142 in the year's best-selling game titles.^[34]Maiden of Black Water received mixed reviews among critics worldwide; achieving an overall score of 67 on Metacritic, indicating mixed or average reviews based on 58 critical reviews.^[23]

Game Informer writer Tim Turi called the main cast 'wooden', referred to the large supporting cast as 'vapid', and said that the drawn-out structure of the game harmed the initial premise while also relying too heavily on written documents in the environment for storytelling.^[26]GameSpot's Alexa Ray Corriae was unimpressed by the story, saying that early story revelations and backtracking hurt the pacing and dramatic value, while the main characters were underdeveloped. She also felt that the game's darker themes were treated as window dressing rather than used to the full.^[28] Daniel Krupa of IGN praised the atmosphere and the disturbing nature of the backstory, and the way the three main characters' roles were balanced out.^[29]Nintendo World Report's Andrew Brown cited the main cast as being more 'down to earth and relatable' than those from previous games in the series, and said that it was easy for players to sympathize with the ghosts encountered.^[30] Ryan Bates of Game Revolution, while enjoying the creepy atmosphere, found the amount of characters introduced early on confusing.^[27]VideoGamer.com's Tom Orry praised the character and enemy design, while faulting the English dub and feeling that the female characters' revealing outfits clashed with the game's atmosphere.^[31]Eurogamer's Aoife Wilson was highly critical, calling the story 'half-baked' and generally faulting the characters in comparison to previous games in the series.^[24]Famitsu similarly criticized the attire of female characters disrupting the atmosphere.^[25]Dengeki, while again faulting the female characters' clothing, praised the game's use of Japanese horror elements to disturbing effect.^[8]

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Corriae praised the graphics and lighting effects, although saying they were 'not the sharpest'.^[28] Brown, while noting some blurry textures and blocky structures, generally cited the lighting and other graphic effects as one of the game's high points.^[30]Dengeki also noted the game's graphics, stating that their quality and realistic character movement gave the main characters a high quality feel.^[8]

Krupa enjoyed both the use of the Wii U gamepad as the Camera Obscura and combat for most of the game, but found later sections tedious due to repetitive battles.^[29] Corriae liked the use of the gamepad despite some control issues,^[28] Bates was highly positive about the thrill it brought into battles,^[27] while Turi found that the function did not bring long-term enjoyment and that backtracking through environments negatively impacted on the experience.^[26] Wilson likewise enjoyed the gamepad's role in the game, while faulting most other aspects including the high amount of health items and character controls.^[24] Orry said that the new controls made combat more claustrophobic than in previous games,^[31] while Brown enjoyed the immersion the gamepad brought.^[30]Famitsu was highly positive about the use of the gamepad, saying that it felt like you were in the midst of battles.^[25] These sentiments were echoed by Dengeki, but stated that some combat situations made aiming difficult.^[8] Multiple reviewers mentioned and generally faulted the stiff controls and character movement.^{[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]}

Legacy[edit]

Yuri Kozukata became the basis of a DLC costume in the Nintendo Switch version of the 2017 game Nights of Azure 2^[35] and reappeared as a summonable Assist Trophy in the 2018 game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.^[36]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Additional work by Nintendo SPD^{[1]:163–166}
2. ^Known in Japan as Zero: Nuregarasu no Miko (零 〜濡鴉ノ巫女〜, lit. Zero: Black-Haired Shrine Maiden) and in Europe as Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefghijkl零〜濡鴉ノ巫女〜コンプリートガイド [Zero: The Raven-haired Shrine Maiden Complete Guide] (in Japanese). Koei. 29 November 2014. ISBN978-4775809433.
2. ^ ^abOtero, José (1 April 2015). 'Here's All the News from April's Nintendo Direct'. IGN. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
3. ^ ^abSato (16 July 2014). 'Fatal Frame: The Black Haired Shrine Maiden Revealed for Wii U'. Siliconera. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
4. ^ ^abMcFerran, Damien (1 April 2015). 'Wii U Horror Title Fatal Frame Confirmed For Western Release Later This Year'. Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
5. ^ ^abcTheriault, Donald (5 August 2015). 'Project Zero Dated, Receiving PAL Limited Edition'. Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
6. ^ ^abMcMahon, Conor (30 September 2015). 'First Impressions: Taking A Shot At Fatal Frame: Maiden Of Black Water'. Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
7. ^ ^abBohn, Jason (21 September 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Will Require a Steady Hand'. Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.Italic or bold markup not allowed in: publisher= (help)
8. ^ ^abcdWii U『零 ～濡鴉ノ巫女～』レビュー。シリーズファンの率直な評価と注目点、そしてWii U GamePadを使った遊びについての感想 (in Japanese). Dengeki Online. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.Italic or bold markup not allowed in: publisher= (help)
9. ^ ^abFamitsu Weekly (in Japanese). Enterbrain (1347): 90–91. 25 September 2014.Missing or empty title= (help)
10. ^Romano, Sal (19 September 2014). 'Fatal Frame Wii U's Wetness Meter and more detailed, TGS 2014 trailer and screenshots'. Gematsu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
11. ^Romano, Sal (26 September 2014). 'Dead or Alive's Ayane playable in Fatal Frame Wii U'. Gematsu. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
12. ^ ^abcdefgFamitsu Weekly (in Japanese). Enterbrain (1347): 92–93. 25 September 2014.Missing or empty title= (help)
13. ^ ^abcdInamoto, Tetsuya (27 September 2014). 「零 〜濡鴉ノ巫女〜」を生み出した任天堂＆コーエーテクモゲームスに，Wii Uによって実現した斬新な恐怖体験について聞いた (in Japanese). 4Gamer.net. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
14. ^ ^abcdYip, Spencer (3 November 2015). 'How Fatal Frame's Creator Scares Players And His Real Life Ghost Stories'. Siliconera. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
15. ^Romano, Sal (24 April 2014). 'New Fatal Frame announced for Wii U'. Gematsu. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
16. ^Lavaux, Rudy (11 September 2014). 'Nintendo Japan Website Reveals File Size and Supported Controllers for Fatal Frame V'. Cubed3. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
17. ^Richards, Brian (29 September 2014). 'Koei Tecmo Europe Twitter says Fatal Frame: The Black Haired Shrine Maiden is a Japan-only release'. Nintendo Everything. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
18. ^Romano, Sal (9 February 2015). 'Tomonobu Itagaki hints at Fatal Frame Wii U localization'. Gematsu. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
19. ^ ^abBa-oh, Jorge (26 August 2015). 'Operation Rainfall Petitions for Boxed Fatal Frame V for North America'. Cubed3. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
20. ^Whitehead, Thomas (5 August 2015). 'The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes Dated, Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water to Have Free and Limited Edition Versions'. Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
21. ^Whitehead, Thomas (24 August 2015). 'Nintendo Confirms Super Mario Maker Console Bundle and Key Release Dates for North America and Europe'. Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
22. ^MacGregor, Kyle (20 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame localization removes smutty outfits'. Destructoid. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
23. ^ ^ab'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water for Wii U Reviews'. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
24. ^ ^abcWilson, Aoife (27 October 2015). 'Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water review'. Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
25. ^ ^abcdRichards, Brian (29 September 2014). 'Fatal Frame: The Black Haired Shrine Maiden Famitsu review translated'. Nintendo Everything. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
26. ^ ^abcdTuri, Tim (19 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water - A Disappointing Case Of Déjà View'. Game Informer. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.Italic or bold markup not allowed in: publisher= (help)
27. ^ ^abcdBates, Ryan (19 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Review'. Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
28. ^ ^abcdeCorriea, Alexa Ray (19 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Review'. GameSpot. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
29. ^ ^abcdKrupa, Daniel (19 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Review'. IGN. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
30. ^ ^abcdeBrown, Andrew (19 October 2015). 'Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Review'. Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
31. ^ ^abcdOrry, Tom (20 October 2015). 'Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water Review'. VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
32. ^Sahdev, Ishaan (8 October 2014). 'This Week in Sales: Trails, Danganronpa And The New Fatal Frame'. Siliconera. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
33. ^Sahdev, Ishaan (1 October 2014). 'This Week in Sales: Kingdom Hearts Gets Remixed Again'. Siliconera. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
34. ^GEIMIN.NET／2014年テレビゲームソフト売り上げランキング（ファミ通版） (in Japanese). Geimin.net. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
35. ^https://gematsu.com/2017/07/nights-azure-2-deception-costume-dlc-ps4-ps-vita-fatal-frame-costume-dlc-switch
36. ^https://www.smashbros.com/en_US/item/assistfigure.html

External links[edit]

• Official website (Japan)(in Japanese)
• Official website (America)(in English)
• Official website (Europe)(in English)

Fatal Frame, titled Zero (零（ゼロ）) in Japan and Project Zero in Europe, is a survival horror video game series created and primarily developed by Koei Tecmo (originally Tecmo). Debuting in 2001 with the first entry in the series for the PlayStation 2, the series consists of five main entries. The series is set in 1980s Japan, with each entry focusing on a location beset by hostile supernatural events. In each scenario, the characters involved in the present investigation use Camera Obscura, objects created by Dr. Kunihiko Asou that can capture and pacify spirits. The series draws on staple elements of Japanese horror, and is noted for its frequent use of female protagonists.

The series was conceived by Makoto Shibata and Keisuke Kikuchi. After being introduced to the PlayStation 2 hardware and after the success of the Silent Hill series, the pair decided to develop a horror series inspired by Shibata's own spiritual experiences and popular Japanese horror films of the time. Their main goal was to make the most frightening game experience possible. Later installments have refined the gameplay mechanics while also adding more complex narrative elements.

The series has received critical acclaim, being ranked alongside other horror series including Resident Evil and Silent Hill series, while individual games have been ranked among the best survival horror games in existence. While the sales of individual games have never been high, the series as a whole has sold over one million copies worldwide as of April 2014. Multiple Japanese media adaptations have been made.

• 1Titles
  • 1.1Video games
• 2Common elements
• 5Notes and references

Titles[edit]

As of 2014, the series consists of five mainline video games, not counting remakes, re-releases and spin-offs.^[1] The only main Fatal Frame title yet to be released in the west is the fourth entry. While a European release was planned, it was eventually cancelled, and no North American release was planned.^[2] A fan translation of the fourth game was released in 2010, which enabled the game to be played on any Wii system.^[3] Outside their international releases, the Fatal Frame games are not numbered. This was due to the series' creators considering each entry to be a standalone game, with minimal connections to previous titles.^[4] Since the fourth game, new Fatal Frame titles have been funded and co-developed by Nintendo, resulting in new series titles since the fourth game only appearing on Nintendo consoles.^[5]

Video games[edit]

Main series[edit]

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The titular first entry^[a] in the series was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2001 in Japan and 2002 in North America and Europe.^[6][7][8] The second game, Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly,^[b] was released again for PlayStation 2 in 2003 in Japan and North America, and 2004 in Europe.^[9][10][11]Fatal Frame III: The Tormented^[c] likewise released for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 for Japan and North America, and 2006 in Europe.^[12][13][14] In 2008, Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse^[d] released in Japan for the Wii, and has not been released overseas.^[2][15] The fifth title, Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water,^[e] was released for the Wii U in 2014 in Japan and 2015 in North America, Europe and Australia.^[16][17][18]

Spin-off and remake[edit]

The first two titles have received expanded re-releases. An expanded port of the original game was released for the Xbox in 2002 in Japan and 2003 in Western territories. It featured additional story elements, gameplay refinements and a new difficulty setting.^[8][19][20] For Crimson Butterfly, a 'Director's Cut' for the Xbox was released in 2004 in Japan and North America, and 2005 in Europe.^[11][21][22] A new expanded remake for the Wii was released in Japan and Europe in 2012.^[23][24]

A mobile title, Real Zero, was released in 2004 for FOMA and DoCoMo mobile devices. The game involves users taking pictures of their environments and superimposing ghost images somewhere in the frame. Seventy different ghosts were available to collect, with each new ghost triggering the sending of an email to provide clues for finding the next ghost or other messages.^[25][26] The game's service was terminated in 2011.^[27] A spin-off for the Nintendo 3DS, Spirit Camera,^[f] was released in all regions in 2012.^[28][29][30] The story follows a girl named Maya, who is trapped in a haunted house controlled by a mysterious woman in black, and seeks to escape the woman's control.^[29]

Related media[edit]

To commemorate the release of Crimson Butterfly, a special interactive attraction titled Zero4D opened in 2004. It featured movie scenes designed by the same team behind the CGI movies for Crimson Butterfly.^[25] A manga based on the series written by Shin Kibayashi, Fatal Frame: Shadow Priestess,^[g] was released in both Japanese and English through DeNA's website in July 2014.^[31] A Japanese live-action movie directed by Mari Asato for Kadokawa Pictures was released in cinemas in 2014. The novel it was based on, Fatal Frame: A Curse Affecting Only Girls by Eiji Ohtsuka, was released a few months prior to the movie.^[32][33]

A Hollywood film adaptation of the first game, Fatal Frame, was announced in 2003. Robert Fyvolent and Mark R. Brinker were hired as the project's writers, and John Rogers was hired as its producer. The title was being produced by DreamWorks.^[34] Later that year, it was announced that Steven Spielberg was helping Rogers to polish the game's script, and that sessions to find a director and cast the movie would follow.^[35] In 2014 alongside the formal announcement of Maiden of Black Water, it was confirmed that the Hollywood film was still planned. Now produced by Samuel Hadida, it is set to begin production after the completion and release of the game.^[32]

Common elements[edit]

Series gameplay[edit]

The gameplay has remained consistent through the series' lifetime. Each environment is filled with ghosts, with separate games having different attack behaviors for them.^[36][37] While navigating these environments, the main character's only means of defense is the Camera Obscura, which can be used to damage ghosts, capturing them on film and pacifying them. When using the camera, the view switches from a third-person to a first-person perspective. The camera locks onto a ghost, with the amount of damage dealt depending on how much of a focus the Camera Obscura has on the ghost, but ghosts fade in and out of existence, making focusing more challenging. Shots of varying closeness and angles also affect how much damage the ghost takes. The most damaging is a 'fatal frame', which hits a ghost weak spot. A ghost's captured spirit energy is converted into points, which can be used to buy items to upgrade the Camera Obscura and obtain more powerful film.^[38][39][40]

In addition to hostile ghosts, there are passive ghosts encountered in parts of the environment: if they are not caught on film at once, they vanish from the rest of the game. Ghosts captured on film are added to a list, which reveals a ghost's past.^[36] For the first three games, navigation is done using semi-fixed third-person view of environments, with characters moving at a slow pace through them. For Mask of the Lunar Eclipse and later entries, the camera perspective was altered to a third-person over-the-shoulder view and character movement was increased a little to speed up gameplay. The ability to either dodge or break free from a ghost's grip was added in Maiden of Black Water.^{[1][4][38][39]}

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Setting[edit]

The Fatal Frame / Project Zero series is set in the 1980s, before mobile phones were commonly used in Japan. Aside from a few recurring characters, each game has a self-contained story focusing on a different supernatural threat. The main unifying factor is navigating through haunted locations struck by a supernatural catastrophe, with a recurring setting being abandoned Japanese mansions.^[4] Recurring characters include Dr. Kunihiko Asou, an occultist who lived in the 1800s and created objects such as the Camera Obscura;^[36] and Miku Hinasaki, the protagonist of Fatal Frame and one of three protagonists in The Tormented, who also appears in Maiden of Black Water as one of the main characters' missing mother. A second recurring feature is the exclusive or frequent use of female characters in the leading role. This was explained as being due to the overall tone of the series: since traditional violence was not used, it was better to use a female character to convey this. It was also felt that women were more spiritually aware than men.^[41] Another recurring concept is a pseudo-physical location bridging the physical and spiritual worlds, inspired by a tanka written by Japanese poet Taeko Kuzuhara: these were represented by the Hellish Abyss in Crimson Butterfly and the lake in Maiden of Black Water.^[42]

The first chronological entry in the series, Mask of the Lunar Eclipse, takes place in 1980. The story revolves around three girls who travel back to the fictional Rougetsu Island to recover memories of being kidnapped while they lived there ten years before. On the island, they must investigate the secrets behind a local ritual dance and an ancient mask related to the ritual.^[4]Fatal Frame and Crimson Butterfly are set two years after Mask of the Lunar Eclipse. The Tormented is set some months after the second game's events.^[41]Maiden of Black Water is set at an unspecified date after the third game. Although Miku Hinasaki is 37 when Maiden of Black Water is set, which seems to be 20 years after the first Fatal Frame where she was only 17. It takes place around the fictional Mount Hikami, a site infamous for suicides and rituals associated with local bodies of water. The main protagonists are each drawn to the mountain intent on rescuing someone, confronting hostile ghosts along the way.^[16][43]

History and development[edit]

The concept for Fatal Frame / Project Zero first occurred by Makoto Shibata. The idea occurred after the development of Tecmo's Deception: Invitation to Darkness. Inspired by his own experiences of supernatural events, and heartened by the success of the Silent Hill series, Shibata and Keisuke Kikuchi set to work on creating the basics for the game. Shibata was in charge of the majority of game and scenario development, while Kikuchi was in charge of general oversight.^[44] When creating the atmosphere, the team watched both high and low-budget Japanese horror films, and war films. One of their goals was to make the game as scary as possible.^[4][45][46] The Camera Obscura was not in the initial discussions between Shibata and Kikuchi, with the original idea being that ghosts would be avoided and repelled by light. Ultimately, they decided to have a type of offensive power, which resulted in the Camera's creation. Kikuchi was initially opposed to the idea, but saw that it fitted very well into the game's context as development progressed.^[4][45] The first game was marketed in the west as being based on a true story, and while this was not accurate, the story of Fatal Frame was inspired by both real locations noted for apparent haunting and local ghost-related folklore.^[47]

For Crimson Butterfly, the team toned down the frightening aspects so players would be willing to complete a playthrough, alongside creating a stronger story. The story was inspired by a dream Shibata had, with the interpretive nature of the game's events being inspired by his feelings about the dream.^[48] For The Tormented, they decided to focus on horror elements emerging out of everyday life, focusing on the effects of dreams upon reality.^[49]Mask of the Lunar Eclipse was co-produced by Koei Tecmo, Nintendo and Grasshopper Manufacture, with Grasshopper Manufacture's Goichi Suda acting as a co-director with Shibata.^[4][50] The gameplay was constructed around the Wii hardware, with the main concept being for players to feel the fear physically. The entire concept occurred by Kikuchi when he saw the specifications for the Wii.^[4][43]Maiden of Black Water originated when Kikuchi saw the Wii U hardware, and was co-produced by Koei Tecmo and Nintendo. As they wanted to bring more people into the series, they included a stronger narrative and new gameplay elements to make the experience easier for newcomers.^[43][51]

Since Crimson Butterfly, theme songs have been created for each title, primarily performed by Japanese singer Tsuki Amano. The development team wanted an image song for Crimson Butterfly, and Shibata found the then-newly debuted Amano in the Japanese independent community. Amano created the song using documents on the game's story, themes and setting.^[52] Amano returned multiple times to create theme songs for The Tormented, Mask of the Lunar Eclipse, and a new theme song for the Wii remake of Crimson Butterfly.^[53] She again returned for Maiden of Black Water, and a second new singer AnJu contributed a second theme song to the title.^[1]

Reception[edit]

In Japan, each title in the Fatal Frame / Project Zero series has seen modest success: the first game's lifetime sales are the lowest in the series, while Mask of the Lunar Eclipse currently stands as the best-selling title in the series to date.^[2][63] Since its debut in 2001, the Fatal Frame series has sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.^[64]

Fatal Frame Pc Download

Multiple video game journalists have singled out the series. IGN's Clara Barraza, in an article on the evolution of the survival horror genre, said that the first game 'broke away from the use of weapons like guns and planks of wood to switch it up and try something completely different', praising the use of the Camera Obscura in evoking a sense of fear and calling the game '[a] unique spin on the genre'.^[65] In a different article for IGN on the history of survival horror, editor Travis Fahs stated that the series gave a much-needed boost to the genre during a period of decline in the early 2000s, highlighting the Japanese horror aesthetic as a selling point that attracted players in tandem with the popularity of The Ring.^[66] As part of an interview with the series' creators in 2006, GameSpy writer Christian Nutt referred to it as one of the three best-known horror video game series alongside Resident Evil and Silent Hill.^[41] Similarly, as part of a review of Maiden of Black Water, Dennis Scimeca of The Daily Dot ranked the Fatal Frame series alongside Resident Evil and Silent Hill.^[67] In an article on the series, Kotaku writer Richard Eisenbeis said that Fatal Frame succeeded in drawing his attention when most other horror games did not, generally praising the settings and the 'master stroke' of the Camera Obscura in gameplay.^[68] In an interview, F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin art leader Dave Matthews stated that the gameplay of F.E.A.R. 2 was influenced by the Fatal Frame series.^[69] In multiple articles, Crimson Butterfly has been singled out by video game publications and industry developers as one of the scariest games of the horror genre in general.^{[70][71][72][73]}

Notes and references[edit]

Notes[edit]

Best Fatal Frame Game

1. ^Titled 零 〜zero〜 (零) in Japan and Project Zero in Europe.
2. ^Titled Zero 〜Akai Chō〜 (零 〜紅い蝶〜) and Project Zero 2: Crimson Butterfly in Europe.
3. ^Titled Zero: Shisei no Koe (零〜刺青ノ聲〜, lit. Zero: Voice of the Tattoo.) and Project Zero 3: The Tormented in Europe.
4. ^The game has no official English title. Its Japanese title is Zero: Tsukihami no Kamen (零〜月蝕の仮面〜, lit. Zero: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse).
5. ^Titled Zero: Nuregarasu no Miko (零 〜濡鴉ノ巫女〜, lit. Zero: The Raven-haired Shrine Maiden) in Japan and Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water in Europe.
6. ^Titled Spirit Camera: The Possessed Notebook (心霊カメラ 〜憑いてる手帳〜Shinrei Camera ~Tsuiteru Techou~) in Japan and Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir in Western territories.
7. ^Zero: Kage Miko (零 影巫女)
8. ^GameRankings score

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