Kinematic Equations Pdf

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Physics Kinematics Problems Science and Mathematics Education Research Group Supported by UBC Teaching and Learning Enhancement Fund 2012-2015 FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy F A C U L T Y O F E D U C A T I O N. A useful problem-solving strategy was presented for use with these equations and two examples were given that illustrated the use of the strategy. Then, the application of the kinematic equations and the problem-solving strategy to free-fall motion was discussed and illustrated. In this part of Lesson 6, several sample problems will be presented.

Kinematics equations are the constraint equations of a mechanical system such as a robot manipulator that define how input movement at one or more joints specifies the configuration of the device, in order to achieve a task position or end-effector location.[1][2] Kinematics equations are used to analyze and design articulated systems ranging from four-bar linkages to serial and parallel robots.

Kinematic Equations for Linear Motion (For constant acceleration ONLY). To select the appropriate equation to solve a particular problem: 1) List what quantities are given - (will be 3) 2) List what is being asked for - (will be 1). 3) Find the equation in the table that contains all 4 involved quantities. T x Involved Unneeded. Kinematic Equations and Problem-Solving.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading.

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Kinematics equations are constraint equations that characterize the geometric configuration of an articulated mechanical system. Therefore, these equations assume the links are rigid and the joints provide pure rotation or translation. Constraint equations of this type are known as holonomic constraints in the study of the dynamics of multi-body systems.

Kinematic Equations Pdf
  • 1Loop equations

Loop equations[edit]

Kinematic equations list

The kinematics equations for a mechanical system are formed as a sequence of rigid transformations along links and around joints in a mechanical system. The principle that the sequence of transformations around a loop must return to the identity provides what are known as the loop equations. An independent set of kinematics equations is assembled from the various sets of loop equations that are available in a mechanical system.

Transformations[edit]

In 1955, Jacques Denavit and Richard Hartenberg introduced a convention for the definition of the joint matrices [Z] and link matrices [X] to standardize the coordinate frames for spatial linkages.[3][4] This convention positions the joint frame so that it consists of a screw displacement along the Z-axis

[Zi]=[cos⁡θi−sin⁡θi00sin⁡θicos⁡θi00001di0001],{displaystyle [Z_{i}]={begin{bmatrix}cos theta _{i}&-sin theta _{i}&0&0sin theta _{i}&cos theta _{i}&0&00&0&1&d_{i}0&0&0&1end{bmatrix}},}

and it positions the link frame so it consists of a screw displacement along the X-axis,

[Xi]=[100ai,i+10cos⁡αi,i+1−sin⁡αi,i+100sin⁡αi,i+1cos⁡αi,i+100001].{displaystyle [X_{i}]={begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&a_{i,i+1}0&cos alpha _{i,i+1}&-sin alpha _{i,i+1}&00&sin alpha _{i,i+1}&cos alpha _{i,i+1}&00&0&0&1end{bmatrix}}.}

Deriving Kinematic Equations Pdf

The kinematics equations are obtained using a rigid transformation [Z] to characterize the relative movement allowed at each joint and separate rigid transformation [X] to define the dimensions of each link.

Physics Kinematics Pdf

The result is a sequence of rigid transformations alternating joint and link transformations from the base of the chain around a loop back to the base to obtain the loop equation,

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[Z1][X1][Z2][X2]…[Xn−1][Zn]=[I].{displaystyle [Z_{1}][X_{1}][Z_{2}][X_{2}]ldots [X_{n-1}][Z_{n}]=[I].!}

The series of transformations equate to the identify matrix because they return to the beginning of the loop.

Serial chains[edit]

The kinematics equations for a serial chain robot are obtained by formulating the loop equations in terms of a transformation [T] from the base to the end-effector, which is equated to the series of transformations along the robot. The result is,

[T]=[Z1][X1][Z2][X2]…[Xn−1][Zn],{displaystyle [T]=[Z_{1}][X_{1}][Z_{2}][X_{2}]ldots [X_{n-1}][Z_{n}],!}

These equations are called the kinematics equations of the serial chain.

Parallel chains[edit]

The kinematics equations for a parallel chain, or parallel robot, formed by an end-effector supported by multiple serial chains are obtained from the kinematics equations of each of the supporting serial chains. Suppose that m serial chains support the end-effector, then the transformation from the base to the end-effector is defined by m equations,

[T]=[Z1,j][X1,j][Z2,j][X2,j]…[Xn−1,j][Zn,j],j=1,…,m.{displaystyle [T]=[Z_{1,j}][X_{1,j}][Z_{2,j}][X_{2,j}]ldots [X_{n-1,j}][Z_{n,j}],quad j=1,ldots ,m.!}

These equations are the kinematics equations of the parallel chain.

Forward kinematics[edit]

The kinematics equations of serial and parallel robots can be viewed as relating parameters, such as joint angles, that are under the control of actuators to the position and orientation [T] of the end-effector.

From this point of view the kinematics equations can be used in two different ways. The first called forward kinematics uses specified values for the joint parameters to compute the end-effector position and orientation. The second called inverse kinematics uses the position and orientation of the end-effector to compute the joint parameters values.

Kinematic Equations Example Problems

Remarkably, while the forward kinematics of a serial chain is a direct calculation of a single matrix equation, the forward kinematics of a parallel chain requires the simultaneous solution of multiple matrix equations which presents a significant challenge.

References[edit]

  1. ^Paul, Richard (1981). Robot manipulators: mathematics, programming, and control : the computer control of robot manipulators. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN978-0-262-16082-7.
  2. ^J. M. McCarthy, 1990, Introduction to Theoretical Kinematics, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  3. ^J. Denavit and R.S. Hartenberg, 1955, 'A kinematic notation for lower-pair mechanisms based on matrices.' Trans ASME J. Appl. Mech, 23:215–221.
  4. ^Hartenberg, R. S., and J. Denavit. Kinematic Synthesis of Linkages. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964 on-line through KMODDL
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